Volnovaia forma cheloveka (Russian) Paperback – 2009. Pavlov (Author) Be the first to review this item. See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Price New from Used from Paperback 'Please retry'. Pavlov N.v Vneshnyaya Politika Frg Postbipolyarnom Pays Merveilles Ldp. Pavlov Volnovaya Forma Cheloveka Iscelenie Pomoshhju Pavlovskaya.
Contents. Early life and career Born in Moscow on 27 September 1937, Pavlov graduated from the in 1958. He started his (bureaucratic) career as a government economist; he started working for as an official of the Ministry of Finance in 1959, and became a member of the in 1962. Early in his career he also worked for the of the (RSFSR). Pavlov started working for the in 1979, and became a member of the State Planning Committee's board in 1981.
He held the office as head of the State Planning Committee's Finance Department, the department which oversaw all aspects of the country's planned economy. He served as First Deputy Minister of Finance in 's ministry from January to August 1986. Pavlov was appointed Chairman of the on 15 August 1986, and retained that post until 7 June 1989. Throughout the period, and later as Minister of Finance, Pavlov supported the posited by, Chairman of the. He succeeded Gostev to become Minister of Finance in Ryzhkov's government in 1989 and his time in the post was considered uncontroversial, even though, Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Prices, was not elected to the post of Chairman of the State Committee for her advocacy of Pavlov-backed plans for centrally administered price reform.
He was the only minister in Ryzhkov's Government who was also a member of the. Along with – Soviet – Pavlov was the only nominee from Ryzhkov's second government to be overwhelmingly elected by the. As Minister of Finance, Pavlov was supportive of the of the, having overseen a rapid increase in the Soviet money supply and the increase in inflation it caused.
Pavlov also set the exchange rate for the rouble against the on the. In 1993 he proudly admitted that during his tenure as Minister of Finance, and later Prime Minister, he had deceived several Western banks and creditors by lying about the Soviet Union's. In 1989, Pavlov gathered together enough information on the errors and omissions of, the future Soviet Premier and, to weaken his position as. Silayev never forgave Pavlov and relations between the two grew even more icy when Pavlov became Soviet Premier. Prime Minister This article is part of on the.
Following the resignation of and his second government, Pavlov was elected to the new position of Prime Minister as a compromise candidate, and became chairman of the. He and his two, and, were approved by the on 14 January, while approval for the majority of his ministers followed within a few weeks. Pavlov was considered a upon his election as Prime Minister, and the Soviet press described him as a 'bold and complex man' who was against full marketisation but who believed that the Soviet Union was even more oppressive towards workers than even the most advanced capitalist societies.
One of his first actions as Prime Minister was to move the headquarters of the – the Cabinet of Ministers – from the to the former headquarters of the to strengthen his position. Pavlov monetary reform. Further information: The, commonly referred to as the August Coup, was prompted by the slow disintegration of the Soviet Union that resulted from Gorbachev's reform policy and Yeltsin's drive towards an independent Russia. The being prepared called for further decentralisation of power to the, which weakened the government's already tenuous hold on the economy. Pavlov received a draft of the New Union Treaty on 12 August at a meeting and managed to get it published in the on 14 August.
Opposing the decentralisation stance taken in the treaty, Pavlov was one of the key players in the establishment of the in August 1991. Pavlov's inclusion in the committee has been used to demonstrate its unwillingness to revert to pre-Gorbachev policies. The Committee's main goal was to ensure that the Soviet Union continued as a highly centralised union state. The Emergency Committee was led by, and other hardliners who were determined to take action to oust Gorbachev., the KGB Chairman, had told Pavlov of the coup on 18 August, one day before it began.
He was asked by Kryuchkov to meet his co-plotters at the, where on 19 August, he and his co-conspirators appeared on live television and told the that Gorbachev was indisposed. As the day wore on it soon became apparent that Pavlov had been drinking since he issued several contradictory orders and repeated himself. In retrospect he admitted that he had been drinking with his son the day before.
On the same day, his fellow plotters decided to depose Pavlov, sending him to his where his wife took care of him. As with all the others, Pavlov was arrested following the collapse of the coup. Shortly after Pavlov was hospitalised with whilst remaining in custody. He was released on bail in January 1993 and granted amnesty by the Russian in 1994. Later life and death.
Pavlov's gravestone at Pyatnitskoye cemetery After his release from custody, Pavlov became a director of the commercial bank between 1994 and 1995. He resigned at the request of the bank's board of directors, who informed him that they had decided 'to provide him an indefinite leave of absence.' In February 1996, shortly after his resignation, the bank's license was revoked for violating the banking laws set up by the. Pavlov then worked as an advisor to between 1996 and 1997, and in 1998 also became a vice president of the American firm. He worked both as vice president of both the and the, and later headed a department of the. Pavlov died in Moscow on 30 March 2003, and was buried on 2 April at. Decorations.
Notes. ^ Montgomery, Isobel (4 April 2003).
Retrieved 3 April 2011. 'Silaev, Ivan Stepanovich' Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov. Missing or empty url= ; access-date= requires url=., p. 131. Shevchenko, Iulia (2004). The Central Government of Russia: From Gorbachev to Putin. Kvint, Vladimir Lʹvovich (1993).
The Barefoot Shoemaker: Capitalizing on the New Russia. The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath. ^ (2 February 2011). Retrieved 3 April 2011. Reddaway, Peter; Glinski, Dmitri (2001).
The Tragedy of Russia's Reforms: Market Bolshevism against Democracy. ^ Lorimer, Doug (1997). The Collapse of Communism in the USSR: Its Causes and Significance. Resistance Books. Nadel, Laurie (1992).
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The Kremlin Coup. President of Chasprombank resigns: Valentin Pavlov changes job again. (in Russian). 2 September 1995. Retrieved 3 April 2011. Memory Book: Chasprombank (in Russian). Retrieved 3 April 2011.
Pavlov, Valentin Sergeyevich (in Russian). Retrieved 3 April 2011. Last Prime Minister of the Soviet Union dies. Utro (in Russian). 31 March 2003. Retrieved 3 April 2011. Los Angeles Times.
1 April 2003. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Bibliography. (1997). The Gorbachev Factor. Huskey, Eugene (1992).
Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State. Hanson, Philip (2003). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet economy: An Economic History of the USSR from 1945. Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991. McCauley, Martin (1998). Murray, Don (1995).
A Democracy of Despots. External links.
Abstract Russian scientists are certainly among those who contributed actively to the search for the neuroanatomical basis of exceptional mental capacity and talent. Research into brain anatomy was one of the topics of special interest in various Russian universities. A number of independent reports on the study of famous Russian brains appeared both in Russia and abroad. Collecting and mapping brains of elite Russians in a structured manner began in Moscow in 1924 with the brain of V. In 1928, the Moscow Brain Research Institute was founded, the collection of which includes the brains of several prominent Russian neuroscientists, including V. Bekhterev, G.
Rossolimo, L. Vygotsky and I.
The fact that the brain of two of the most outstanding scholars of Russian neurology and psychiatry, A. Kozhevnikov (1836–1902) and S. Korsakov (1854–1900), have been studied is largely unknown. A report of the results of this study was published by A. Kaputsin in 1925 providing a detailed neuroanatomical assessment of the brains. A considerable weight, a predominance of the left hemisphere and a particularly complex convolution of the frontal and parietal lobes of both brains were reported, the assumption being that these brain parameters can serve as an indicator of mental capacity. The names Kozhevnikov and Korsakov are among those most cherished by Russian neuroscientists; they are also familiar to Western colleagues.
The (re)discovery of the records of the brain autopsies is meaningful, maybe not so much from a neuroanatomical point of view as from a historical perspective. Kozhevnikov (1836–1902) in the audience of Moscow Clinic for Nervous Diseases.Photo taken March 19, 1898—photo from Historical Museum of Moscow Medical Academy (with permission). Russian elite brains Bekhterev was interested in correlating the special features of a brain and the brilliant qualities of its owner.
An example of this approach was the study of the brain of the eminent Russian chemist, the creator of the periodic table of elements, D. Mendeleev (1834–1907) , first reported at the scientific session of the Psychoneurological Institute (May 1, 1908) and published in 1909 (Bekhterev and Weinberg,; Bechterew & and Weinberg, ). The authors presented an exceedingly detailed description of Mendeleev's brain, weighing 1570 g , the main conclusion being that there was a strong development of the left frontal and parietal lobes compared to the rest of the brain. Interestingly, the authors compared his brain with those of two famous Russian musicians which were available to them—the composer A. Borodin (1833–87), and the pianist, composer and conductor, A. Rubinstein (1829–94). The anterior part of the left gyrus temporalis superior of Mendeleev's brain was far less developed in comparison with this region in the brains of these musicians.
According to the authors, this was a sign of his modest musical capacity (Bekhterev and Weinberg, ). The brains of Borodin and Rubinstein are still preserved in the Anatomical Museum of the Military Medical Academy in St Petersburg (Etingen, ). Photo from Clin Arch Genius Talent (of Europathol) 1926; 2: 107–14. Sergey Sergeievich Korsakov Korsakov was one of Kozhevnikov's most outstanding pupils. He was 33 years old when Kozhevnikov appointed him director of the psychiatric division of his department, thus making him the first professor of Psychiatry in Russia. Korsakov was the author of numerous works in psychiatry, neuropathology, forensic medicine and a textbook on psychiatry.
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He studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system and described alcoholic polyneuritis with distinctive mental symptoms (‘cerebropathia psychica tokaemica’), later called ‘Korsakov's syndrome’. He was the first to produce a clear description of paranoia. Korsakov was among the leaders of more humane patient management by applying no-restraint principles. Until his premature death, he was the head of the Moscow University Clinic of Psychiatry, and is considered to be the founder of the Moscow psychiatric school (Ovsyannikov and Ovsyannikov, ). Korsakov (1854–1900). Photo from Historical Museum of Moscow Medical Academy (with permission). After two heart attacks at the age of 44, Korsakov consulted a specialist in Vienna in 1898.
Hypertrophy of heart associated with obesity and myocarditis was established. Korsakov died from heart failure at the age of 46 (Banshchikov, 1967). Brain of Korsakov On dissection, Korsakov's brain weighed 1603 g. At a second measurement on January 26, 1924, the weight was 1355 g. The angulus Rolandicus of the right hemisphere equalled 80° and that of the left 85°. On all measurements, a noticeable superiority of the left hemisphere was observed. In the region of the left frontal lobe, 25 small sulci were discernible in addition to the four main gyri.
The fissura centralis anterior of the right frontal lobe was interrupted by more than 30 small fissures. The surface of the parietal lobes showed a similar complexity and the same peculiarities of the configuration of the sulci and gyri. The distance from the frontal pole to the occipital pole along the fissura pallii was 27 cm and the distance from the frontal pole to the sulcus Rolandicus along the same line equalled 15 cm. Accordingly, the length of the frontal lobe represented 55.5% of that of the right hemisphere. For the left hemisphere, the same distances were 28 and 16 cm, respectively. Thus, the length of the left frontal lobe amounted to 57.1% of that of the left hemisphere.
The length of the left frontal lobe exceeded that of the right one by 1.6%. Photo from Clin Arch Genius Talent (of Europathol) 1926; 2: 107–14. The author concluded that both brains had common features, including considerable weight, predominance of the left hemisphere, and complicated convolutions of the frontal and parietal lobes. There was speculation on the correlation between intellectual capacities and size and structure of the brain.
Pantheon of brains In 1927, Bekhterev came up with a plan to organize ‘The Pantheon of Brains’ in Leningrad in order to collect elite brains (Vol’fson, 1928; Richter, ). It was a severe irony of fate that precisely when the question about creating the Pantheon had been positively solved, the very initiator of this creation, Bekhterev, suddenly passed away. The circumstances are still questionable. On December 17, 1927, the First All-Union Congress of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists was held in Moscow. Bekhterev, along with L.
Rossolimo, was elected as honourable chairmen of the congress. On December 23rd, the last day of the congress, Bekhterev gave a presentation during the afternoon session. In the evening, symptoms of a gastrointestinal disorder started and 24 hs later, Bekhterev died of (as officially stated) acute heart failure. Without any further post-mortem pathoanatomical investigation, his brain was removed, in accordance with his will, and his body was cremated the next day (Lerner et al., ).
However, the idea did not fade away. In 1928, the neuroanatomical laboratory of Vogt and his Russian colleagues were reorganized into the Moscow Brain Research Institute , where the structured collecting and mapping of the brains of famous Russians started. Bekhterev did not see his plan come to fruition, but his own brain enriched the collection of the Moscow Institute (the weight of his brain was 1720 g) (Spivak, ). The collection acquired the brains of Soviet politicians, famous writers, poets, musicians, etc. It is not surprising that these included the brains of prominent Russian neuroscientists, such as neurologist, G.
Rossolimo (1860–1928)—1543 g; physiologist, I. Pavlov (1849–1936)—1517 g; neurologist, M. Kroll (1879–1939)—1520 g; psychiatrist, P. Gannushkin (1875–1933)—1495 g; psychologist, L. Vygotsky (1896–1934) (Bogolepova, ). During the Soviet period, the work of the Moscow Brain Research Institute continued behind closed doors.
The collection was still expanding as recently as 1989, when it acquired the brain of A. Sakharov (1921–89) was an eminent Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. He was an advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975—1440 g (Spivak, ).